The excerpt below is drawn from the conclusions of a recent study published in PLOS ONE titled "Are you confident enough to act? Individual differences in action control are associated with post-decisional metacognitive bias." While the findings shed light on the nuances of confidence and decision-making, it prompts contemplation on potential future research avenues. It would be intriguing for future studies to explore the correlation between confidence levels and psychopathy. Unlike empathetic individuals, psychopaths possess a notable ability to make difficult decisions even when the outcomes carry severe repercussions for others. Investigating what proportion of confident individuals exhibit traits associated with psychopathy could offer valuable insights into the interplay between personality characteristics, decision-making processes, and ethical considerations. https://www.cnbc.com/2016/11/18/why-psychopaths-are-so-good-at-getting-ahead.html
"This paper compared decision-making mechanisms between action and state-oriented people using paradigms capable of dissociating between decision-making mechanisms and confidence processing. Our results suggest that the differences between groups arise not due to how evidence is obtained or strategic adjustments but due to how it is interpreted by a higher-level process relating evidence to subjective confidence...Most human goals involve a sequence of choices and actions...At each point in this multi-stage process, our confidence can influence how likely we will progress. Since completing all the intermediate steps is necessary to succeed, low confidence bias has many opportunities to seed doubt and lead to giving up...All else being equal, this confidence gap might be the reason why some people succeed where others cannot" https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0268501#sec046
